The theories that shaped modernity and postmodernity and apply these to artworks.

Modernity and postmodernity are complex cultural and philosophical concepts that are shaped by a range of theories and ideas. In the context of art, these theories have influenced the way artists approach their work and the ways in which we interpret and understand their creations. Here are some of the key theories that have shaped modernity and postmodernity, along with examples of artworks that illustrate these ideas:

1. Enlightenment rationalism and modernity: One of the defining characteristics of modernity is its embrace of Enlightenment rationalism and the belief that reason and science could provide a framework for understanding and improving the world. This is reflected in many modernist artworks, such as Piet Mondrian's "Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red," which features a grid of abstract forms that reflect Mondrian's belief in the universal principles of order and harmony.

2. Existentialism and postmodernity: Postmodernity is often characterized by a rejection of grand narratives and a sense of fragmentation and dislocation. This is reflected in many postmodern artworks, such as Cindy Sherman's "Untitled Film Stills," which consists of a series of self-portraits that challenge traditional notions of identity and representation. The works reflect the existentialist notion that the self is constructed through social and cultural forces, rather than being an innate essence.

3. Structuralism and postmodernity: Structuralism is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the underlying structures and systems that shape our understanding of the world. In the context of postmodern art, this is reflected in works that subvert or deconstruct traditional forms and conventions, such as Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain," which is a readymade object that challenges the idea of what constitutes art.

4. Postcolonial theory and modernity: Modernity was closely tied to Western colonialism and imperialism, and postcolonial theory seeks to critique and challenge these power structures. This is reflected in works by artists such as Kara Walker, who uses cut-paper silhouettes to explore the legacy of slavery and racism in America. The works challenge the dominant narratives of history and representation, and highlight the ongoing struggle for social justice.

5. Cultural studies and postmodernity: Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field that explores the ways in which culture shapes and reflects social and political values. In the context of postmodern art, this is reflected in works that engage with popular culture and media, such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog," which appropriates a banal everyday object and transforms it into a work of high art. The works challenge the boundaries between high and low culture, and question the role of art in contemporary society.

In conclusion, the theories that have shaped modernity and postmodernity have had a significant impact on the ways in which artists approach their work and the ways in which we interpret and understand their creations. By examining artworks through the lens of these theories, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the complex cultural and philosophical forces that shape our understanding of the world.